function renderGraph(containerSelector, graph, options = {}) {
  const container = document.querySelector(containerSelector);
  container.innerHTML = '';
  const width = container.clientWidth || 800;
  const height = container.clientHeight || 500;
  const paddingX = 60;
  const paddingY = 30;

  const svg = d3.select(container)
    .append('svg')
    .attr('viewBox', [0, 0, width, height])
    .attr('width', '100%')
    .attr('height', '100%');

  const g = svg.append('g');

  const zoom = d3.zoom().on('zoom', (event) => {
    g.attr('transform', event.transform);
  });
  svg.call(zoom);

  const links = graph.links.map(d => Object.assign({}, d));
  const nodes = graph.nodes.map(d => Object.assign({}, d));
  const endpoints = Array.isArray(graph.endpoints) ? graph.endpoints : [];

  // Visual constants
  const nodeRadius = 16;
  const labelOffset = 12; // below the circle

  // Compute left-to-right depth strictly from path segment indices
  const { depths, maxDepth } = computeDepthsFromEndpoints(nodes, endpoints);
  const depthScale = d3.scaleLinear()
    .domain([0, Math.max(1, maxDepth)])
    .range([paddingX, Math.max(paddingX + 1, width - paddingX)]);

  // Seed initial positions near their depth column with limited vertical jitter
  for (const n of nodes) {
    const d = depths.get(n.id) ?? 0;
    n.x = depthScale(d) + (Math.random() - 0.5) * 30;
    n.y = height / 2 + (Math.random() - 0.5) * (height * 0.3);
  }

  const link = g.append('g')
    .attr('stroke-width', 1.5)
    .selectAll('line')
    .data(links)
    .enter().append('line')
    .attr('class', 'link');

  const node = g.append('g')
    .selectAll('g')
    .data(nodes)
    .enter().append('g')
    .attr('class', 'node');

  node.append('circle')
    .attr('r', nodeRadius)
    .call(drag(simulation()));

  node.append('text')
    .attr('x', 0)
    .attr('y', nodeRadius + labelOffset)
    .attr('text-anchor', 'middle')
    .text(d => d.id);

  // Node click -> delegate to callback if provided
  if (typeof options.onNodeClick === 'function') {
    node.style('cursor', 'pointer')
      .on('click', (event, d) => {
        options.onNodeClick(d.id, d);
      });
  }

  const sim = simulation();
  sim.nodes(nodes).on('tick', ticked);
  sim.force('link').links(links);

  function ticked() {
    // Clamp nodes vertically to avoid drifting too far down/up
    const minY = paddingY + nodeRadius;
    const maxY = height - paddingY - nodeRadius - labelOffset - 2;
    for (const n of nodes) {
      if (n.y < minY) n.y = minY;
      else if (n.y > maxY) n.y = maxY;
    }

    link
      .attr('x1', d => d.source.x)
      .attr('y1', d => d.source.y)
      .attr('x2', d => d.target.x)
      .attr('y2', d => d.target.y);

    node.attr('transform', d => `translate(${d.x},${d.y})`);
  }

  function simulation() {
    // Gentle bias left->right; organic, tree-like cohesion
    const fx = d3.forceX(d => depthScale(depths.get(d.id) ?? 0)).strength(0.55);
    const fy = d3.forceY(height / 2).strength(0.1);

    return d3.forceSimulation()
      .velocityDecay(0.35)
      .force('link', d3.forceLink().id(d => d.id).distance(40).strength(1.1).iterations(2))
      .force('charge', d3.forceManyBody().strength(-420))
      .force('collision', d3.forceCollide().radius(nodeRadius + 50).strength(0.96))
      .force('x', fx)
      .force('y', fy);
  }

  function drag(sim) {
    function dragstarted(event) {
      if (!event.active) sim.alphaTarget(0.3).restart();
      event.subject.fx = event.subject.x;
      event.subject.fy = event.subject.y;
    }

    function dragged(event) {
      event.subject.fx = event.x;
      event.subject.fy = event.y;
    }

    function dragended(event) {
      if (!event.active) sim.alphaTarget(0);
      event.subject.fx = null;
      event.subject.fy = null;
    }

    return d3.drag()
      .on('start', dragstarted)
      .on('drag', dragged)
      .on('end', dragended);
  }

  function computeDepthsFromEndpoints(nodes, endpoints) {
    const nodeIds = new Set(nodes.map(n => n.id));
    const depth = new Map();
    let maxDepth = 0;
    for (const ep of endpoints) {
      const p = (ep && ep.path) || '';
      const segs = p.split('/').filter(Boolean);
      for (let i = 0; i < segs.length; i++) {
        const seg = segs[i];
        if (!nodeIds.has(seg)) continue;
        const current = depth.get(seg);
        if (current === undefined || i < current) {
          depth.set(seg, i);
        }
        if (i > maxDepth) maxDepth = i;
      }
    }
    // Any nodes not appearing in endpoints get depth 0
    for (const id of nodeIds) {
      if (!depth.has(id)) depth.set(id, 0);
    }
    return { depths: depth, maxDepth };
  }
}